![]() If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period of time, so that all cases occur within one incubation period, then the common source outbreak is further classified as a point source outbreak. An outbreak that results from a group of persons being exposed to a common noxious influence, such as an infectious agent or toxin. Disease, death, or other health-related outcomes are then ascertained and compared. ![]() Enrollment into the study is based on exposure characteristics or membership in a group. A group of people born during a particular period or year is called a birth cohort. A well-defined group of people who have had a common experience or exposure, who are then followed up for the incidence of new diseases or events, as in a cohort or prospective study. The number of cases may or may not exceed the expected number frequently the expected number is not known. An aggregation of cases of a disease or other health-related condition, particularly cancer and birth defects, which are closely grouped in time and place. A span of values of a continuous variable which are grouped into a single category for a frequency distribution of that variable. A process that begins when an agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, and is conveyed by some mode of transmission, then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. The enumeration of an entire population, usually with details being recorded on residence, age, sex, occupation, ethnic group, marital status, birth history, and relationship to head of household. The numerator is the number of deaths attributed to a specific cause during a specified time interval the denominator is the size of the population at the midpoint of the time interval. The mortality rate from a specified cause for a population. A reduction of the factor in the population should lead to a reduction in the occurrence of disease. A factor (characteristic, behavior, event, etc.) that directly influences the occurrence of disease. The denominator is the number of incident cases the numerator is the number of cause-specific deaths among those cases. The proportion of persons with a particular condition (cases) who die from that condition. A set of standard criteria for deciding whether a person has a particular disease or health-related condition, by specifying clinical criteria and limitations on time, place, and person. Characteristics such as previous exposure are then compared between cases and controls. ![]() Enrollment into the study is based on presence (“case”) or absence (“control”) of disease. Sometimes, an individual with the particular disease. In epidemiology, a countable instance in the population or study group of a particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation. The carrier state may be of short or long duration (transient carrier or chronic carrier). The carrier state may occur in an individual with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course (known as asymptomatic carrier), or during the incubation period, convalescence, and postconvalescence of an individual with a clinically recognizable disease. A person or animal without apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable of transmitting the agent to others. A measure of the public health impact of a causative factor proportion of a disease in a group that is exposed to a particular factor which can be attributed to their exposure to that factor. A variant of an incident rate, applied to a narrowly defined population observed for a limited period of time, such as during an epidemic. Statistical relationship between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. The application or practice of epidemiology to address public health issues. Two common types are cohort study and case-control study. A comparative study intended to identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, and identify causes. Uses comparison groups, which provide baseline data, to quantify the association between exposures and outcomes, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. The aspect of epidemiology concerned with the search for health-related causes and effects. The numerator is the number of deaths in that age group the denominator is the number of persons in that age group in the population. A mortality rate limited to a particular age group. A factor, such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation, whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease. ![]() A mortality rate statistically modified to eliminate the effect of different age distributions in the different populations.
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